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Anthropology 005
Problem Set # 5
Altruism, heritability, male homosexuality, and monophyly
Fall 2018

1. Alleles that (sometimes) lower the fitness of their bearers can nevertheless spread in the population. 
A. What is the difference between the way a kin-selected allele spreads and a reciprocally altruistic allele spreads?
Kinship selection is a way of allele frequency change, which is caused by the interaction of sharing alleles between relatives. Through kinship selection, the population has this particular genetic structure.
Altruistic genes can be transmitted through natural selection. This gene behavior reduces its health but improves the health of its relatives.
B. Based on what you learned in Chapter 11, is Xq28 a kin-selected altruistic allele? Explain why or why not.
Yes,Kin selection can save their own genome, thereby paying the price or sacrificing themselves. So Xq28 a kin-selected altruistic allele.
2. Remember that heritability (h2) = Vg / (Vg + Ve).
A. In words, what is heritability?
Heritability ranges from 0 to 1. Character variation is related to gene variation and environmental change. Vg represents gene variation and Ve represents environmental change.
B.  Environmentality (e2) is the mathematical complement of heritability, that is:
e2 = 1-h2 = [Ve / (Vg + Ve)].   So, in words, what is environmentality?
Environmentality refers to the effect of environment on the phenotype of organism. It is equal to 1 minus heritability. It can be concluded that environment is the complement of heritability on the variation of traits.
C. Let’s think about a “pair-bonding” l ocus (pair-bonding is the tendency for a female and male to stay together after they copulate). Assume that this locus currently has two alleles, j and k, and that this is the only locus that carries alleles that affect pair bonding (almost certainly an oversimplification, but this is a thought experiment to help you understand heritability). Assume codominance at this locus and that, on average, the j allele is associated with stronger pair bonding.  In this example is pair-bonding heritable?  Explain.
Pairing has also led to monogamy and partnership.Because genes are mutable, they are inherited here. If you get J, you have stronger keys. K may still lead to pairwise bonding, but J is stronger. It depends on what alleles you get and what kind of alleles you express.
D. In a population where pair bonding is favored by selection the frequency of the k allele will eventually be zero. What will the genetic variance (Vg) of pair bonding be at that point? Explain.
It will be zero because the variance of the allele will only include the j allele thus making the variance out to be 0.