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4 October 2018
International Relations: Realism vs. Liberalism and Constructivism
What is the status of the international relations? There is a statement answers this question. The statement demonstrates that the existence of the anarchical system such as terrorism creates acute insecurity in the global environment. The insecurity drives countries to seek power and domination in order to survive in the insecure international environment. The power-seeking orientation result in a fact in the international relations – countries are doomed to compete and conflict with each other and make little significant and long-term cooperation. According to this statement, realism is recognized as the most effective international relations approach because it clearly explains this international relation status. Importantly, the statement supports that realism is an enduring paradigm associated with the behaviors of nations and its created power-seeking international relations will never change. Realism and its related power-seeking international relations support this statement because, but liberalism and constructivism explain that international relations frequently change away from the power-seeking dominance.
Supporting View: Realism
The approach of realism confirms the power-seeking orientation in international relations. As demonstrated by John J. Mearsheimer, based on the realist perspective, “power is the currency of international politics” (77). It means that power is the main driving factor in relation to the development of international relations. Realism believes that the international system is anarchical so that states as the main actors in international relations focus on the idea of self-help to raise their individual powers against their rivals in order to achieve survival in the anarchical world (“Section 2: Realism” 2). According to realism, nations all follow the idea of power-seeking to increase their military powers against others. In other words, the theory of realism confirms that international relations in the world is dominated by power-seeking behaviors. They seek strong military powers to fight against the threats from the anarchical system of the world such as terrorisms and nuclear threats from other countries.
The frequent wars happened in the world support the idea of the power-seeking orientation in international relations. From the 16th century to the present, wars occurred in the world can be effectively explained by realism. For example, in the 16th-17th centuries in Europe, when the Ottoman Empire continuously raised its powers in South Europe and increased the threats to states in Europe especially the Habsburg Empire, the two nations entered into a two-century war, the Ottoman–Habsburg wars (“Section 2: Realism” 14). Similarly, in the mid-20th century, when Japan increased its military and governance powers in Asia-Pacific region, the United States recognized Japan as a threat to its power in this region and the threat recognition finally resulted in the occurrence of the war between the two nations (“Section 2: Realism” 14). The two cases not only demonstrate that international relations in the world are power-seeking oriented but also illustrate that this power-seeking orientation last for centuries and never change. Accordingly, realism provides a strong support to the statement that international relations in the world are dominated by the power-seeking orientation and this domination never changes.
However, the power-seeking international relations originated from realism are ineffective to explain the cooperation relations among nations. As demonstrated by the lecture, “Section 2: Realism”, the core elements of realism are the focus of power seeking, the actor of nations, the idea of self-help to survive in the anarchical system, poor international cooperation, low trust to other nations, and long-term competition (2-3). If international relations are dominated by realism and the dominance never changes, cooperation will be an impossible idea in international relations. This is not a fact in the history of international relations. For instance, between the 1990s and the present, the power of Germany significantly increases in Europe. The increased power of Germany directly challenges the ruling power of the United Kingdom and France in Europe (“Section 2: Realism” 14). Based on the theory of realism, in this situation, the competing status among these three nations will result in the military race for seeking higher powers against others. In fact, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France enter into the cooperation in relation to the development of the European Union. This cooperation is opposite to the power-seeking oriented international relations.
Realism demonstrates that although cooperation exists in some nations due to the temporary common interests, the power-seeking relations still long-lastingly dominate international relations. In the case associated with the international relations among Germany, the United Kingdom, and France, although they all are the members of the European Union to cooperate with each other to achieve mutual economic development, the cooperation still serves for the ideas of power-seeking and competition. The development of the European Union focuses on seeking powers against the dominance of the United States in the international governance. Accordingly, the cooperation among these three nations is also the outcome of the power seeking. It means that cooperation still follows the idea of competition to seek higher powers against the threats from other nations.