发布时间：2021-07-20 热度：
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相信每位留学生在写作业的时候都有这样的感觉：Introduction是最难写，也是最耗费时间的部分。一个好的Introduction可以全面概述论文的主题和目的，让阅卷老师和读者眼前一亮。
什么是Introduction呢？
Introduction是论文的序幕，目的是向读者介绍本研究的“前世今生”。
总的来说，Introduction既是对过去和现在研究的系统精炼性的介绍、评价和总结；又是对本篇研究工作的提纲挈领的总结，提出科学假说，概括研究方法和研究结果，突出研究的创新性和研究意义，从而进一步吸引读者兴趣。
Introduction通常占整篇文章的5-10%，可怕的是，如果英文水平捉襟见肘点，那么整篇论文简直就是大型灾难现场。
地道的英语多用被动语态，句式也丰富多变。多掌握一些常用句式能够很快的帮我们搭建文章的结构，增加文章的可读性，理顺行文思路。
咱们今天就一起学习一下Introduction的常用逻辑结构和常用句式结构吧。
Introduction常用的逻辑结构
1.表述研究主题的价值、意义；
2.简要回顾领域内的相关学术文献；
3.目前存在的问题、争议或知识缺口；
4.介绍本研究的目的、研究问题或假设；
5.提供研究设计和方法的概要；
6.解释研究的意义或价值；
7.提供论文整体结构的概述。
具体举例
a）题XXX是重要的；
b）以往研究A、B曾经研究过这个问题；
c）但A、B的局限性和缺陷是XXX；
d）我们提出了新方法C/发现了新的C现象；
e）C的基本特征，和A、B进行比较；
f）实验证明C比A、B优越；
g）文章的基本结构，大纲。
根据上面总结的Introduction的7个逻辑结构，我们再看看它有哪些常用的句型，以下是曼彻斯特大学官网给出的官方标准版，大家可以用作参考。
01.表述研究主题对世界或社会的重要性
1.X is fundamental to …
2.X has a pivotal role in …
3.X is frequently prescribed for …
4.X is fast becoming a key instrument in …
5.X plays a vital role in the metabolism of …
6.X plays a critical role in the maintenance of …
7.Xs have emerged as powerful platforms for …
8.X is essential for a wide range of technologies.
9.X can play an important role in addressing the issue of …
10.Xs are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents known.
11.There is evidence that X plays a crucial role in regulating …
12.X is a common condition which has considerable impact on …
13.In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for …
14.Evidence suggests that X is among the most important factors for …
15.X is important for a wide range of scientific and industrial processes.
16.Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and …
17.There is a growing body of literature that recognises the importance of …
18.X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.
19.In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in …
20.Xs are one of the most widely used groups of Y and have been extensively used for ….
02.表述研究主题对于学科的重要性
1.A key aspect of X is …
2.X is of interest because …
3.X is a classic problem in …
4.A primary concern of X is …
5.X is a dominant feature of …
6.X is an important aspect of …
7.X is a fundamental property of …
8.The concepts of X and Y are central to …
9.X is at the heart of our understanding of …
10.Investigating X is a continuing concern within …
11.X is a major area of interest within the field of …
12.X has been studied by many researchers using …
13.X has been an object of research since the 1960s.
14.X has been the subject of many classic studies in …
15.X has been instrumental in our understanding of …
16.The theory of X provides a useful account of how …
17.Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of …
18.X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics.
19.The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.
20.X has long been a question of great interest in a wide range of fields.
03.研究主题：时间上的重要性
1.Recently, there has been renewed interest in …
2.Traditionally, Xs have subscribed to the belief that …
3.One of the most important events of the 1970s was …
4.In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in …
5.Recent developments in X have heightened the need for …
6.The last two decades have seen a growing trend towards …
7.Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in …
8.Over the past century, there has been a dramatic increase in …
9.Recent trends in X have led to a proliferation of studies that …
10.X proved an important literary genre in the early Y community.
11.The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many …
12.Since it was reported in 2005, X has been attracting a lot of interest.
13.Recently, a considerable literature has grown up around the theme of …
14.Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in …
15.The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of …
16.The changes experienced by X over the past decade remain unprecedented.
17.In light of recent events in X, it is becoming extremely difficult to ignore the existence of …
04.研究主题：亟待解决的问题
1.X is a major problem in …
2.Of particular concern is …
3.One of the main obstacles …
4.One of the greatest challenges …
5.A key issue is the safe disposal of …
6.The main disadvantage of X is that …
7.X is associated with increased risk of …
8.X impacts negatively upon a range of …
9.X is a common disorder characterised by …
10.It is now well established that X can impair …
11.X has led to the decline in the population of …
12.X is a growing public health concern worldwide.
13.The main challenge faced by many researchers is the …
14.X is one of the most frequently stated problems with …
15Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
16.X is a major environmental problem, and the main cause of …
17.Xs are one of the most rapidly declining groups of insects in …
18.X is the leading cause of death in western-industrialised countries.
19.Exposure to X has been shown to be related to adverse effects in …
20.There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged …
21.There is an urgent need to address the safety problems caused by …
However,
1.X may cause …
2.X is limited by …
3.X suffers from …
4.X is too expensive to be used for …
5.X has accentuated the problem of …
6.the performance of X is limited by …
7.X could be a contributing factor to …
8.the synthesis of X remains a major challenge.
9.X can be extremely harmful to human beings.
10.research has consistently shown that X lacks …
11.a major problem with this kind of application is …
12.the determination of X is technically challenging.
13.current methods of X have proven to be unreliable.
14.these rapid changes are having a serious effect on …
15.X can be adversely affected under certain conditions.
16.observations have indicated a serious decline in the population of...
05.以往研究已证实....
1.Recent evidence suggests that …
2.Extensive research has shown that …
3.Studies of X show the importance of …
4.It has previously been observed that …
5.Several attempts have been made to …
6.Previous research has established that …
7.Data from several studies suggest that …
8.Recent work by historians has established that …
9.Previous research comparing X and Y has found …
10.The existing body of research on X suggests that …
11.There is a growing body of literature that recognises …
12.Several theories on the origin of X have been proposed.
13.Existing research recognises the critical role played by …
14.It is now well established from a variety of studies, that …
15.Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.
16.Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that …
17.Factors found to be influencing X have been explored in several studies.
18.A number of cross-sectional studies suggest an association between X and Y…
19.Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on …
20.A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …
06.领域内的争论、分歧、知识缺陷
1.A much debated question is whether …
2.One major issue in early X research concerned …
3.To date there has been little agreement on what …
4.The issue has grown in importance in light of recent …
5.One of the most significant current discussions in X is …
6.In the literature on X, the relative importance of Y is debated.
7.One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in …
8.Questions have been raised about the use of animal subjects in …
9.In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning …
10.Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of …
11.This concept has recently been challenged by X studies demonstrating …
12.The debate about X has gained fresh prominence with many arguing that …
13.Scholars have long debated the impact of X on the creation and diffusion of …
14.More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about …
15.One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns …
16.The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
17.The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of …
18.The causes of X have been the subject of intense debate within the scientific community.
19.In the literature on X, the relative importance of Y has been subject to considerable discussion.
07.以往研究的不足之处
1.Previous studies of X have not dealt with …
2.Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
3.Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they …
4.Most studies in the field of X have only focused on …
5.Such approaches, however, have failed to address …
6.Previous published studies are limited to local surveys.
7.Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether …
8.The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
9.Previously published studies on the effect of X are not consistent.
10.Smith’s analysis does not take account of …, nor does she examine …
11.The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
12.However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature …
