发布时间：2020-11-03 热度：
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经济学论文：尼日利亚经济困境
尼日利亚目前正努力试图利用该国家大量化石燃料资源，来解决该国日益严重的赤贫问题，这一问题已经影响到超过一半的总人口。大量自然资源财富与极度贫困问题相互存在犹如“荷兰病”和“资源诅咒”，许多经济学家及尼日利亚的人民明显正在遭受这个“疾病”。所幸尼日利亚有大量的石油，且成为石油输出国组织(OPEC)中第六大石油输出国。在该国发现石油之后，尼日利亚因此在近40年里其收入近亿万美元。然而，这种转变并未使尼日利亚的经济高度发展。相反，在该国种种缺陷下(在基础设施与相关机构上)，如腐败，滥用自然垄断权力，不合理安排，走私，官僚主义的瓶颈，及泛滥的社会福利等等，导致该国精炼原油的供应自然而然的关闭。
近些年，在石油及天然气出口达到其价格顶峰时，该国开始启用商品贸易顺差，实现盈余。据世界银行估计，在尼日利亚有80%的能源收入皆被一小部分贪污的人吞并。在当下十年里，尼日利亚实现了一个里程碑式的成就，与巴黎总会签订了一个协定，贷款国消除其双边外债。巴黎总会将不计多数债务，尼日利亚也将用其能源收入的一部分交付其余的债务。在此之前多亏了巴黎总会的成员国家，尼日利亚近75%的外债已付清。该国一大摞的债务皆源于拖欠利息与付款。尼日利亚的中长期外债在2000年末据悉约319亿美元（相当于国内生产总值的78%）。
The struggling economy of Nigeria recently Economics Essay
The economy of Nigeria has continuously struggled to leverage the country’s vast wealth in fossil fuels in order to displace the crushing poverty that affects a little over half of its fast increasing population. The coexistence of vast natural resources wealth and extreme poverty has been referred to as the “Dutch disease” or “resource curse” by many economists and Nigeria clearly suffers from this disease. Despite the country being blessed with vast quantities of oil and is the sixth largest oil exporter in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which has generated billions of dollars in revenues over the last forty years since oil was found in Nigeria, this has not translated into an improved economy for the country. Instead through inefficiencies (infrastructural and institutional), corruption, abuse of natural monopoly powers, mismanagement, smuggling, bureaucratic bottlenecks and excessive subsidizing, the supply of refined crude oil in the country has virtually collapsed.
In recent years, the exports of oil and natural gas at a time of peak prices have enabled the country to post merchandise trade and current account surpluses. By the estimation of the World Bank, 80 percent of energy revenues in Nigeria benefit only a fraction of the population as a result of corruption. Within the current decade, Nigeria achieved a milestone agreement with the Paris Club of lending nations to eliminate all of its bilateral external debt. Under the agreement, the Paris Club will forgive most of the debt, and Nigeria will pay off the remainder with a portion of its energy revenues. Before this, about 75 % of Nigeria’s foreign debt was owed to Paris Club countries. A large chunk of this debt was due to interests and payment arrears. Nigeria's external medium and long-term debt was known to be tentatively estimated at US$3 1.9 billion (equivalent to 78 percent of GDP) at the end of 2000, and consisted of obligations to Paris Club creditors (US$24.4 billion), multilateral creditors (USS3.8 billion), and commercial creditors (US$3.6 billion). A small amount of debt (US$140 million) was also estimated to be owed to non-Paris Club bilateral creditors. The largest bilateral creditor is the UK (with about 27 percent of total Paris Club debt), followed by France, Japan and Germany (at about 15-17 percent), and Italy, the Netherlands, and the US (at less than 10 percent). Among the multilateral institutions, the World Bank (IBRD and 1DA) and the African Development Bank (ADB and ADF) were the largest creditors, with debt stocks of US$2.6 billion and US$1.1 billion, respectively. Nigeria has no outstanding credit or loans to the Fund. Outside of the energy sector, the country’s economy has been highly inefficient with human capital also being underdeveloped.
2003 to 2007 saw Nigeria implementing an economic reform program called National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS) with a related initiative at the state level called the State Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (SEEDS). NEEDS, with the purpose of raising the country’s standard of living- through a variety of reforms including deregulation, liberalization, privatization, macroeconomic stability, transparency, and accountability- addresses basic deficiencies such as the lack of freshwater for household use and irrigation, unreliable power supply, decaying infrastructure, impediments to private enterprise, and corruption. The government hopes that NEEDS will create 7 million new jobs, diversify the economy, boost non-energy exports, increase industrial capacity utilization, and improve agricultural productivity.A long-term economic development program is the United Nations (UN) sponsored National Millennium Goals for Nigeria. Under the program covering the first fifteen years of the 21st century, Nigeria is committed to achieve a wide range of ambitious aims involving poverty reduction, education, gender equality, health, the environment, and international development cooperation. These are referred to as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In an update released in 2004, the UN found that Nigeria was making progress toward achieving several goals but was falling short on others. Specifically, Nigeria had advanced efforts to provide universal primary education, protect the environment, and develop a global development partnership. However, the country lagged behind on the goals of eliminating extreme poverty and hunger, reducing child and maternal mortality, and combating diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and malaria. A prerequisite for achieving many of these worthwhile objectives is curtailing endemic corruption, which stymies development and taints Nigeria’s business environment. Corruption mostly harms Nigerians themselves, but the country is widely known around the world for various fraudulent activities.
The oil boom of the ‘70s led Nigeria to neglect its strong agricultural and light manufacturing bases in favour of an unhealthy dependence on crude oil and by the beginning of the 2000, exports of oil products accounted for more than 98 % of export earnings and about 83 % of federal government revenue. New oil wealth, the concurrent decline of other economic sectors, and a lurch toward a statist economic model geared up massive migration to the cities leading to increasingly widespread poverty, especially in rural areas. Accompanying this trend, by 2000 Nigeria's per capita income had plunged to about one-quarter of its mid-1970s high, below the level at independence. Along with the endemic malaise of Nigeria's non-oil sectors, the economy continues to witness massive growth of "informal sector" economic activities, estimated by some to be as high as 75 % of the total economy.
