生物学essay写作范文_高分essay代写

发布时间：2020-06-06 热度：

唯一网址：www.mingxinwrite.com中生物学论文选段：

Biotechnology

What is biotechnology?The UN Convention on Biological Diversity had given a definition.Biotechnology the use of living organisms or living systems to make or develop useful products.And it also includes any technology application that uses biological systems,living organisms or derivatives to make products and processes or just modify them.Modern usage also includes cell,tissue culture technologies and genetic engineering.[1]

Disciplines That Contributes To Biotechnology

The modern biotechnology includes many different disciplines such as genetic engineering,molecular biology,biochemistry,genetics,cell biology,embryology, immunology,organic chemistry physical chemistry,physical,information science,computer science.It’s common that a new technology can contain so many disciplines,cause that all most no discipline is independent.With the development of other disciplines,the biotechnology developed fo quickly .

Historic and current applications of biotechnology

Thinking about the history of biotechnology,we maybe surprised that this kind of technology firstly developed in agrarian age.Back in the ancient time,our ancestors began to use this kind of technology to select seeds.And it is the pioneer of biotechnology.The farmers select and bred the best suited crops which have the highest yields to produce more food to feed the growing population.As crops became difficult to maintain,people discovered that specific organisms and their by-products could effectively fertilize.And the farmers are clover enough to breed one plant to other plants.For example,the Chinese people altered the genetics of their apple tree by  breeding them with other plants such as the plum trees,which was one of the first forms of biotechnology.

And the fermentation of beer is also an important form of biotechnology.This process was firstly introduced to Mesopotamia,China,Egypt and India,and now it is still widely used.In this process,malted grains convert into sugar.Then,after adding specific yeasts,the grains finally convert into alcohols.It was in 1857that Louis Pasteur discovered the way for grains to convert,but it has been used to produce alcohols for al long period of time.It’s the first use of biotechnology to convert one source into another form.[2]

In the early 20th century,scientists gained a greater knowledge about the microbiology and some scientists have explored ways to manufacture some products such as acetone,which was used during the World WarⅠ[3].In 1928,Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium,which benefited many people and was used for

medicine to treat people with bacterial infections in1940.Paul Berg’s early success in the experiment of gene splicing is generally thought to be the first step of modern biotechnology.After that another two scientists advanced this technology by transferring genetic material into bacterium.From that time on,the development of the biotechnology was really fast.And now biotechnology plays an important role in our society and boosts farm productivity which benefits a lot of people.

Types of biotechnology

Biotechnology is used mainly in four areas,including health care,crops and agriculture,environmental uses and the non food uses of crops and other products.And the health care and agriculture are closely lined to our daily life.

Health Care,the medicine

Modern biotechnology applied in medicine care is mainly in areas such as pharmaceutical drug,genetic screening and pharmacogenomics.Pharmacogenomics is the combination of pharmacology and genomics,and it analyses the effect a genetic makeup has on an individual’s response to drugs by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity.And modern biotechnology contributes a lot to the manufacturing of traditional small molecule pharmaceutics drugs.And it also makes it available to manufacture existing medicines cheaply and easily.To cite an example,diabetes was thought as a incurable disease,because insulin was hard to produce and so,it’s relatively expensive.However,In 1978,when Genentech firstly developed a synthetic humanized insulin,things changed to be different.He joined the gene of the insulin with a plasmid vector and inserted the new gene into the bacterium Escherichia coli.In this way,he achieved the manufacture of insulin and makes it easier and cheaper to cure diabetes.

Genetic testing is also popular.It is mainly used in testing vulnerabilities in inherited diseases and it can also be used in determine a child’s parentage.And it is normal for a couple in China to have a physical examination to assure that their chromosomes are normal and it can reduce the risk for them to have an abnormal child.[4]

Agriculture

Biotechnology is widely used in agriculture.And the most widely used technology is the transgenic technology,which is to modify the genes of crops.In 1994,when Calgene first marketed its delayed ripening tomato called Flavr Savr,the commercial of genetically modified foods began.And now,this kind of technology has been used in the manufacture of soybean,corn,canola,and cotton seed oil to improve the outputs.[5]To cite another example,the Chinese scientist Yuan Longping is called “The Father of Hybrid Rice”by the Chinese Media,for that he developed the first hybrid rice varieties in 1970s.And in 1979,his technique for hybrid rice was introduced to America,wich is memorable in history.In 1991,the statistics of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization showed that 20 percent of the world’s rice output came from the world’s 10 percent fields that grow hybrid rice.And later,Africa also began to plant hybrid rice.Hybrid rice is a great contribution that China has to the whole world.

Genetically modified foods are widely adopted among farmers,for that GM crops are always highly productive.In 2011,11 different kinds of transgenic crops were grown on 395 million acres in 29 countries such as the USA,China,Mexico,Austria, South Afric and so on.

Biotechnology Applied In Industrial

Industrial biotechnology is the industrial that applies biotechnology,including the industrial fermentation.It includes the practice of using cells to generate industrially useful products.Biotechnology is to provide people with a better life,so,it mainly uses raw materials that are renewable and it may contribute to lowering greenhouse gas.

Potential advances in biotechnology