发布时间：2021-07-20 热度：
英国护理学assignemnt作业写作
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\英国在护理和助产学方面久负盛誉，第1个注册护理师就出自于英国。在英格兰，共有72所大学和学院开设护理和助产学课程，也吸纳千名海外学生(包括欧洲经济区国家学生) 。在英国，世界水平的教育培训不仅提供给医生，也提供给护士、助产士和其他卫生领域内的专业人士。卫生领域内的其他专业包括理疗，职业治疗法，言语和语言治疗。艺术治疗法，放射学，饮食学，视轴矫正法，修复学，矫正学和手足病学。各专业机构监督管理这些领域内的培训，它们制定的高标准使其他成员几乎能在世界任何地方工作。
英国的护理专业分科
主要分为普通护理（general nursing）、精神健康护理(mental health nursing)、残障护理(learning disabilities nursing)、儿童护理(children nursing)和产科护理(midwifery)。护理和助产学领域设有讲授式研究生文凭(Postgraduate Diploma)和硕士(MA)课程，还有研究式(MSc)硕士和博士（PhD）课程，开设的课程有护理管理、护士教育、癌症护理和高级助产学等。
Introduction介绍
这项assignment作业主要将讨论全球医疗保健改变患者教育以减少高血压。然后，找出如何在个人专业实践中运用领导和管理技能，并对其进行批判性分析。首先，这项任务将讨论当前教育患者减少高血压的动力。然后，讨论了什么样的领导方式和领导风格，并将领导理论运用到个人的专业实践中，以提高工作效率。此外，本文还将批判性地运用领导和人事管理技巧来反映个人职业实践中的分析。接下来，将讨论如何在患者教育中降低高血压的风险。最后，它将总结我之前提到的重要要点。
This assignment will talk about a global healthcare change of patient education to reduce hypertension. Then, find out how to use leadership and management skills in individual professional practice and critically analyze it. First, this assignment will discuss current drives for changes in educating patient to reduce hypertension. Then, it will discuss about what leadership and leadership styles are and use leadership theories in individual professional practice to improve work efficiency. Besides, this essay will critically use leadership and people management skill to reflect analysis in individual professional practice. Next, it will discuss how to reduce the risk of hypertension in patient education. Finally, it will summarise significant points for what I have mentioned before.
根据Go等人（2014年），高血压是一种常见的慢性疾病，称为高血压。他们还指出，高血压是一种长期的医疗状况，指持续高的全身动脉血压和心脏、大脑、肾脏或其他器官的损害，是世界上中风、心脏病、冠状动脉疾病和慢性肾脏疾病的主要危险因素之一（Go等人，2014年）。
According to Go et al (2014), hypertension is a common chronic disease, which known as high blood pressure. They also state hypertension is a long term medical condition refers to persistently high systemic arterial blood pressure and the heart, brain, kidney or other organs damage, and it is one of the main risk factors for stroke, heart disease, coronary artery disease and chronic kidney diseases in the world (Go et al, 2014).
Lochner等人（2006）指出，血压测量由收缩压和舒张压组成，其值在一定范围内变化。他们也将高血压分为两类：原发性和继发性高血压。大约90%的高血压是原发性高血压，由于生活方式和遗传因素，任何人都可能患上高血压（Lochner等人，2006年）。增加高血压风险的生活方式因素包括年龄、性别、种族、盐摄入过量、超重、吸烟和饮酒。继发性高血压是由一些可识别的疾病引起的，如慢性肾病（Lochner等人，2006年）。
Lochner et al (2006) state the blood pressure measurements are consist of the systolic and diastolic pressures, and its value changes within a certain range. They also state hypertension is classified into two categories: primary and secondary hypertension. About 90 percent of hypertension is the primary hypertension, and anyone can develop high blood pressure due to lifestyle and genetic factors (Lochner et al, 2006). Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of high blood pressure are including age, genders, race, excessive salt intake, overweight, smoking and drinking. The secondary hypertension is caused by some identifiable medical condition, such as chronic kidney disease (Lochner et al, 2006).
Based on the diagnosis, the healthcare providers should develop effective treatments for primary hypertension, which comprise lifestyle modifications and medication to decrease the blood pressure (Hackam et al, 2013). Therefore, for the patients with secondary hypertension, the treatment would work on the condition which suspected of causing the high blood pressure. It is widely known the healthcare of hypertension has been facing dramatic changes and undergoing a worldwide trend of development by the growth in several drivers recently (Hackam et al, 2013).
According to Macphee et al (2013), hypertension is a global epidemic, and it is also a kind of age-related pathophysiology. Generally, the risk of high blood pressure increases in stages as ageing. The blood vessels also lose its flexibility and permeability through aging, which can cause high blood pressure. Now the ageing population is likely to influence patterns of healthcare industry in both developed and developing countries. Macphee et al (2013) state the ageing population means a shift in the distribution of the countries population towards older age and decline in the number of youth. This has happened initially in the developed countries, but now becomes a global problem. Till year 2018, 10 percent of the total world population would be older than 50 (Macphee et al, 2013). The ageing population would put a lot of pressure on the healthcare system and arise two dramatic effects: the increasing demand of services delivery and the decreasing financial support from the government (Denton and Spencer, 2010).
Therefore, Poulter et al (2015) state hypertension (high blood pressure) is a biggest problem in global burden of disease. They also state it has a high improvement risk of hypertension at present. Therefore, if carers want to reduce the risk of hypertension, it should do many measurements on educating patients. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (2015) state there are several steps to maintain normal blood pressure levels: 1. Get patient’s blood pressure checked regularly. For example, check the blood pressure in free time each day or every other day. 2. Eating a healthy diet, eat some food without fatty. 3. Maintain a healthy weight, do some exercise regularly. For my individual nursing practice, I can provide some approaches to reduce the risk of hypertension for educating patients. If the patient is in hospital, I can remind patient of eating anti hypertension medication each time and based on different blood pressure to check once or twice each day. However, if the patient at home, I can suggest them to do some exercise and keep a balanced diet. To be sepicific, there will be a checklist to record names and brief personal information to remind the patient of eating and exercising in time.
According to Bass (2008), leadership is a complex topic, which is one of science’s most examined phenomena in society. Leadership in healthcare is vital to enable practitioners to delivery safe, high quality, evidence based and compassionate care in innovative ways (The Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management 2015). The Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management (2015) states a good individual leader in health services should offer a high quality and safe care. Also they state leader should provide supportive, available, fair, respectful, compassionate and empowering in nursing practice. Therefore, to reduce the risk of hypertension, I have to develop and evaluate individual healthcare leadership development and management skills.
Moreover, both leadership and management are overlapping concepts, and both of them are essential in the individual healthcare (Ricketts, 2009). Therefore, I have to design to reflect each individual patient’s needs in healthcare as a leader, which can develop the necessary management skills to reduce the risk of hypertension.
When I was a leader, I have to set a vision of other workmates, inspire them and design organizational value and strategic development objectives. And the management skills involves in directing people and resources to achieve organizational values and strategic direction established.
According to Gilmartin and D’Aunno (2007), a great deal of research is focused on nurses and nurse managers. There were strong links between nurse management skill and leadership style in nursing practice. Nurses preferred managers should be participative and emotionally intelligent and can use a great leadership style to organize other followers. Therefore, as a good nurse leader, I should have many excellent qualities, such as strong operational and cooperation ability. Gilmartin and D’Aunno (2007) also found that a good nurse leader should be flexible and can share power, to promote high quality nursing care. Karilnli et al (2008) state the quality of nurse managers’ relationships with their staff can use Leader Member Exchange theory to improvement work efficiency. When I was a leader, I would offer nurses opportunities for participation in decision making to develop their independent operational capacity. When I finished educating patient to reduce hypertension, I should review it again to check nothing has been missed. And if I missed some thing, I can tell patient immediately.
According to Zaccaro et al (2003), the leadership style theory emerged in the 1940s and 1950s, and it tends to be distinct by the motivation models performance by leaders. They state the leadership styles may influence the subordinates’ level of patients’ satisfaction and effectiveness of healthcare. In addition, the major types of the leadership styles based on the relationship between the leaders and the followers are transactional leadership and transformational leadership (McCleskey, 2014). Transactional leadership focuses on the exchanges and always occurs among leaders and followers (Bass, 2008). The leadership style is based on the notion that leadership could be constructed as a set of behaviors. In the transactional leadership, the relationship between leaders and followers is kind of transaction (Lai, 2011). Leaders will guide their followers in the direction to complete the mission by clarify their roles and tasks in practice. For the followers’ behaviour, the leader emphasizes only contingent reward or discipline. Therefore, if I used transactional leadership in my practice, I would discuss what is good for patient and convey some important things with workmates.
The most important skill for the leaders is to build and develop a good team work. In my individual practice, I should make clear awareness of the goals of health care, and avoid any potential conflict between team members from different cultures and professional levels to reduce the risk of hypertension. And I also need to collect, aggregate and analyze the outcome data of the healthcare. I should know how to design the healthcare practices and collaborative exchange with followers and the patients. I should sense what the team members are feeling, take their perspective, and cultivate rapport and attunement with them. These leadership skills are required for individual professional development needs.
Conclusion
Hypertension is a common chronic disease. And it is one of the main risk factors for stroke, heart disease, coronary artery disease and chronic kidney diseases in the world, and has no syndrome on patients to notice. There are two types of hypertension: primary and secondary hypertension. The treatments for the primary hypertension include lifestyle modification and medication. Evidence suggested there was a huge lack of understanding of hypertension background and professional healthcare knowledge among patients with hypertension. Only a few patients would improve lifestyles and take medication in time. That suggests that inefficient hypertension treatments on the patients are associated with lacking of necessary knowledge on hypertension healthcare. In order to improve the hypertension healthcare, the clinical healthcare leaders form an education programme to teach patients the necessary knowledge of hypertension and build self-management. The leaders also provide decision support for patients in daily practice. This assignment also suggests the leadership and management skills are important for the education. To enable to be a good leader and deliver high quality healthcare, I have explore the appropriate leadership management skills with a reflective analysis of individual professional development needs. Then I can appoint to the management positions from which they are expected to lead. The global healthcare changes can promote the leaders in management position to change management strategies to reflect governance, evidence based practice and professionalism.
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