英国心理学心理动力学代写范文_作业代写_学霸_原创

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On the other hand, the psychodynamic approach advocates on internal processes and childhood experiences in shaping personality and thereby behaviour rather than the environment as the behaviourism and social learning theory confirm (Santrock 2005). Freud assumed that all human action is motivated by the need to satisfy basic drives and that these drives change overtime (Glassman 2000). “The objects which are the focus of gratification change, and so the does the mode of gratification -that is the area of the body which is the centre of for gratification” (Glassman, p. 214). An aspect of Freud’s psychosexual model of development contended that there are five developmental stages that occur throughout life, but the first four that appears in childhood can have an effect on personality (Glassman 2000). These stages are relatively known as the oral, anal, sexual, phallic, latency and genital stages. For instance, in terms of understanding how smoking is influenced by experience in childhood, it is thus necessary to explain the first stage of psychosexual development. During the first stage of development known as oral stage, Sigmund Freud uttered that focus of gratification is mainly on the mouth. Therefore, he specified that during this stage if a six-month nursing baby ‘s appetite was dissatisfied at any point of the libidinal stage, anxiety would transform into a mental health disorder known as neurosis in adulthood. Therefore, an infantile oral fixation would manifest as an obsession of oral stimulation. This oral fixation can manifest itself as a need for oral gratification such as smoking. Though the psychosexual development is an effective model of understanding smoking behaviour however it lacks ecological validity as there it cannot be scientifically justified that prolonged breastfeeding might not lead to an individual adopting addictive behaviour in later adulthood.